‘Net zero’ climate targets sound great. But there are pitfalls – read the fine print
Countries are increasingly saying they will attempt to be carbon-neutral (net zero) by around 2050. But caution needs to be exercised in understanding the net zero claims. There are some key problems: 1. Do the plans apply to all greenhouse gases, or just CO2? That would mean including agriculture emissions, eg. methane. 2. There is a lack of intermediate hard targets before 2050, and it is useless to have higher emissions between now and then. It is the cumulative CO2 that matters. 3. How much of a net zero commitment will be fulfilled with short-term emissions cuts, like planting trees. And how much will come from “negative emissions technologies” which permanently remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Some of the tree planting schemes have been shown to be impractical and unworkable. 4. The fine print of the pledges has to be checked, as there are no established principles or guidelines, so they can differ between countries and be “full of loopholes.” 5. The plans generally leave out the international aviation and shipping sectors, and probably also the embodied carbon in imports. All those can make up a huge % of a country’s total emissions. 6. Plans for future emissions cuts are less useful than employing technologies and policies that start cutting emissions now.
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‘Net zero’ climate targets? Read the fine print
EURACTIV.com with AFP
9th December 2020
“I firmly believe that 2021 can be a new kind of leap year – the year of a quantum leap towards carbon neutrality,” UN chief Antonio Guterres said last week in New York.
The worldwide effort to prevent Earth from becoming an unliveable hothouse is in the grips of “net zero” fever.
More than 110 countries have committed to becoming carbon neutral by mid-century, including major greenhouse gas emitters such as Britain, Japan and South Korea, according to the United Nations.
The European Union has taken the vow, as has incoming US President Joe Biden.
China – which generates a quarter of all carbon pollution – set 2060 as the year when any remaining emissions from energy, agriculture or industry must be offset by tree farms or experimental technologies that suck CO2 from the air.
More than 65% of global CO2 emissions now fall under such pledges, according to a UN estimate.
The London-based Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU) calculates the aggregate GDP of nations, cities and states with 2050 net zero targets is $46 trillion, well over half of global GDP.
“I firmly believe that 2021 can be a new kind of leap year – the year of a quantum leap towards carbon neutrality,” UN chief Antonio Guterres said last week in New York.
“Every country, city, financial institution and company should adopt plans for transitioning to net zero emissions by 2050.”
‘Devil in the detail’
But what is being promised?
And will it deliver the Paris Agreement goals of capping global warming at “well below” two degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels or, better yet, under the treaty’s aspirational 1.5C ceiling?
“In many cases, net-zero pledges are an improvement, but in others the ‘net’ provision is a black box that can conceal all sorts of problems,” Duncan McLaren, a professor at Lancaster University’s Environment Centre, told AFP.
Earth’s surface has already warmed 1.2C on average, making extreme weather more deadly, and new research shows that a return to 2019 levels of carbon pollution would likely push the world past the 1.5C milestone around 2030.
“The devil is in the details,” said Kelly Levin, a senior associate with the World Resources Institute’s (WRI) global climate program.
There are several keys to evaluating the worth of carbon neutral promises, Levin and other experts said.
The first is whether they apply to all greenhouse gases, or just carbon dioxide.
CO2 is responsible for more than three-quarters of global warming. But concentrations of methane – mostly from natural gas leaks and animal husbandry – are rising, and could capsize the Paris treaty goals if not brought to heel.
New Zealand for instance cemented it’s net-zero-by-2050 vows into law in November 2019, but with a woolly caveat: it only applies to CO2. A third of the country’s total emissions come from belching cattle and especially sheep.
EU strategy is failing to tackle the biggest methane emitter: agriculture
No reduction targets, no mandatory actions to cut methane emissions at farm level, no coherence with existing climate and air quality objectives: these are some reasons why the European Commission’s Methane Strategy will fall short, writes Margherita Tolotto.
Kicking the can?
A second red flag is the lack of intermediate hard targets before 2050, said Teresa Anderson, climate policy coordinator for ActionAid International.
“A smoker who promises to quit eventually, while carrying on with a pack a day for the next 30 years will still do themselves a lot of damage.”
Scientists are categorical about the need for deep, near-term reductions in carbon pollution.
The UN’s climate science advisory panel, the IPCC, has said that manmade emissions must drop 45% by 2030 – and then 100% by 2050 – to have any hope of staying on this side of the 1.5C guardrail.
Last week, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson gave the UN-led climate process a boost in announcing a 68% cut in carbon emissions by 2030, compared to 1990 levels.
Johnson – who will host a virtual climate summit on December 12, and the most important UN climate conference since Paris next year in Glasgow – encouraged other leaders to follow suit.
The European Union could boost its 2030 pledge later this week to 55%, but so far few other nations have done so.
China, the world’s top consumer of coal, has hinted it might pledge to peak emissions in 2025, five years earlier than its long-standing pledge.
But despite the pandemic, it’s 2020 emissions will exceed those in 2019, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
UK announces 68% emissions goal by 2030 ahead of UN summit
The UK announced a new greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of at least 68% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels on Thursday (3 December), one week before the country will co-host a UN summit on the fifth anniversary of the Paris Agreement.
A trillion trees
A third crucial measure is how much of a net zero commitment will be fulfilled with short-term emissions cuts, and how much will come from so-called “negative emissions technologies”.
“You cannot get to net zero without some carbon dioxide removal,” or CDR, said Oliver Geden, a researcher at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, and an IPCC lead author.
And yet all of the options on the table for taking excess carbon out of the air remain deeply flawed, experts say.
To work at scale, an area more than twice the size of India would be needed for tree farms by the latter half of the century, studies have shown.
Last year, a scheme unveiled by Swiss scientists to solve the climate crisis by planting a trillion trees – quickly embraced by fossil fuel companies and even US President Donald Trump – was picked apart by experts as based on faulty calculations and requiring unrealistic amounts of land.
Another approach – in which the CO2 emitted from burning biofuels is buried underground – runs into a similar problem.
Meanwhile, technology that draws CO2 directly from the air, to be sequestered or converted into fuel pellets, remains in its infancy.
“There is a large degree of uncertainty about the scale and availability of future carbon removals from both land-based carbon sinks (trees), and emerging carbon-removal technologies,” said Levin of WRI.
The handful of fossil fuel companies which claim their futures are compatible with Paris Agreement targets, such as Shell and BP, rely very heavily on both to justify near-term plans to ramp up exploration and production of oil and gas.
A UN report last week showed that global fossil fuel production must in fact decline roughly 6% annually over the next decade to keep the 1.5C target in view.
CO2 removals ‘increasingly necessary’ to avoid climate disaster, scientists warn
The failure to reverse growth in greenhouse gas emissions means the world is now increasingly dependent on unproven technologies to remove CO2 from the atmosphere in order to avert dangerous climate change, scientists warned on Tuesday (19 February).
‘Loopholes’
Finally, one must read the fine print of net zero pledges to see exactly what is, or is not, included.
“There is not an agreed set of principles and guidelines for these plans, so they are rife with loopholes,” said Jesse Bragg, media director for watchdog NGO Corporate Accountability.
Many national schemes leave out the aviation and shipping sectors which, if they were nations, would each rank in the top ten of global emitters. [They also leave out the embodied carbon in imports. AW comment].
“Most if not all of the aviation and oil sector plans are seriously flawed, with a heavy reliance on biological sinks (trees) to offset ongoing fossil fuel emissions,” McLaren said, adding some steel and cement firms had taken bold steps.
By contrast, “Good plans are the ones that maximise reduction at the source, and redesign their technologies accordingly.”
Experts say net zero plans should clearly separate targets for slashing greenhouse gas emissions from future carbon removal schemes.
“If you have explicit targets on both sides it becomes harder – both politically and reputationally – to fudge one against the other, and to conceal dodgy choices,” said McLaren.
But even if promises on carbon neutrality are all kept, he added, that only stabilises the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
“That means climate change impacts will remain as bad or worse than they are now unless we subsequently increase removals to bring concentrations down,” he said.
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