Carbon emissions ‘hidden’ in imported goods revealed

The extent of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions “hidden” in imported goods is growing,
according to two studies.  Official data do not include emissions from making imported goods but both sets
of researchers say they should.

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reports 26% of global emissions come from producing goods for trade.

The Carbon Trust found such “embedded” CO2 could negate domestic carbon cuts
planned in the UK up to 2025.

‘Delusion’

Researchers want all nations to publish their data on embedded emissions.

Glen Peters of research group Cicero, lead authors of the PNAS report, told BBC
News: “There is a degree of delusion about emissions cuts in developed nations.
They are not really cuts at all if countries are simply buying in products they
used to manufacture.

“We really need all countries to be developing and publishing the full extent
of their emissions, whether they are produced domestically or outsourced through
traded goods.”

The issue of embedded (or outsourced) carbon emissions has been recognised for
several years, and the methodology to track emissions pathways is developing.

Cicero produced a trade-linked global database for CO2 emissions covering 113
countries and 57 economic sectors from 1990 to 2008.

It found that emissions from producing exported goods increased from 4.3Gt (gigatonnes)
of CO2 in 1990 (20% of global emissions) to 7.8Gt of CO2 in 2008 (26%).

Most developed countries increased their consumption-based emissions faster than
their territorial emissions – particularly from goods such cars and clothes.

Border taxes

The Carbon Trust research confirms that the UK has increased emissions since
1990 rather than decreasing them, as politicians typically claim.

What may alarm ministers even more is a projection that the radical CO2 cuts
planned by government into the 2020s may be offset by ever-increasing levels of
CO2 in imports.

Dr Peters said: “Publishing this sort of data is the first step. The next step
– what to do about it – is more difficult.

“It raises questions about consumption patterns, and whether countries should
consider border taxes on imports from countries with no controls on CO2 emissions…
though this is controversial and will be some way down the line.”

A UK think tank, the Public Interest Research Centre (Pirc), has been discovering
how uncomfortable this issue is proving for rich nations.

A succession of Freedom of Information requests reveals a degree of frustration
among some British civil servants that the UK insists on basing its emissions
calculations solely on domestic emissions.

One piece of government correspondence reveals: “While technological efficiency
has improved the CO2 impacts of our products since 1992, the rise in UK consumption
has outstripped the improvements achieved.

“The government needs to be cautious about over-claiming on its achievements
in decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation.”

Ministers are well aware of the issue, but insist that the UK should stick to
reporting domestic emissions, as these form the basis for international climate
negotiations.

They also point out that emissions data from major exporters like China is notoriously
opaque, and that the methodology for calculating outsourced emissions is unreliable.
They say all this creates even greater pressure for the UK to persuade China to
cut its own emissions.

Guy Shrubsole, from Pirc, told BBC News: “This is a cop-out. The figures aren’t
perfect but the problem has been recognised for several years and the calculations
are getting better all the time. In the UK our emissions are up – not down.

“Of course China needs to be part of a global climate agreement. But for a government
which wants to be the greenest ever and is committed to data transparency it’s
essential that the British government publishes the best data available right
away – and then figures out what to do about it.”

03 SEPTEMBER 2010, SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENT (BBC)